Well, you could hire my mother - when she sees a junk she would tell you
Alternatively watch few videos about inspection.
Main thing for a lathe to check:
1. is the bed worn? use your fingernail and go accross the V - if there are big gouges there on which your nail easily catches --> lots of wear.
2. are gears broken? power late on every speed - if no power try most speeds by hand. make sure you can move the chuck full 180
Other things are mostly 2ndary - such as:
- see whatever tailstock quill is not destroyed inside
- look for unusual wear on cross slide and anywhere else
- look for signs of abuse - such as big dents / no oil of any kind anywhere etc.
- check spindle runout with DTI
I am sure few others
But the top two are not a big deal... if you have trouble with #1 then just take the saddle as close to the chuck as possible, find locking nut (it is on the saddle usually above a V on the right side) and just lock it enough that you feel some resistance. Now move it towards the tailstock. If you cannot move more then 1/3 of the way - lots of wear. 1/2 - considerable. 3/4 - some wear. All the way - little wear.
Do not be too paranoid about #1 - some lathes never had hardened ways - Southbend and all have tons of wear. groves are at least 0.01 deep. Only this matter if you need to do precision long shafts that are thin.
#2 is a far bigger problem IMHO as you cannot run the machine at all. You can fix gears but it is an adventure - maybe not so good for a beginner.
Remember you can always re-sell your smaller lathe later if you go for it and a decent price.